An Actionable Due Diligence Toolkit for Institutional Investors

End Notes

1 See e.g., Owen, J. R., Kemp, D., Harris, J., Lechner, A. M., & Lèbre, L. (2022, July). Fast track to failure? Energy transition minerals and the future of consultation and consent. Energy Research &Amp; Social Science, 89, 102665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102665; Global Witness. (2021). LAST LINE OF DEFENCE: The industries causing the climate crisis and attacks against land and environmental defenders. https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/last-line-defence/; Scheidel, A., del Bene, D., Liu, J., Navas, G., Mingorría, S., Demaria, F., Avila, S., Roy, B., Ertör, I., Temper, L., & Martínez-Alier, J. (2020). Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview. Global Environmental Change, 63, 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104

2 Rights and Resources Initiative (2018). A Global Baseline of Carbon Storage in Collective Lands: Indigenous and Local Community Contributions to Climate Change Mitigation. https://rightsandresources.org/global-baseline-carbon-storage-collective-land

3 Birss, M., & Finn, K. (2022). The Business Case for Indigenous Rights. Stanford Innovation Social Review. https://doi.org/10.48558/556s-4a69

4 See e.g., Inputs To The Consultation Draft Of The OECD Guidelines For Multinational Enterprises And Their Implementation Procedures. (2023, February 14). Indigenous Peoples Rights International. https://iprights.org/index.php/en/all-news/inputs-to-the-consultation-draft-of-the-oecd-guidelines-for-multinational-enterprises-and-their-implementation-procedures

5 See e.g., United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2013). Subject: The issue of the applicability of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to minority shareholdings. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Business/LetterSOMO.pdf; OECD. (2017). Responsible business conduct for institutional investors: Key considerations for due diligence under the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. https://mneguidelines.oecd.org/RBC-for-Institutional-Investors.pdf

6 Hogan Lovells. (2019). Private equity funds and liability for human rights impacts: the practical implications of the UK Supreme Court’s decision in Vedanta. In JD Supra. https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/private-equity-funds-and-liability-for-67909/

7 ASN Bank, ASN Impact Investors, Cardano Actiam, GLS Bank, Karner Blue Capital, Merkur, Storebrand Asset Management, Triodos Bank, & Triodos Investment Management. (2022). The inclusion of the financial sector in the Deforestation Regulation. https://forestsandfinance.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/open-letter-deforestation-eu_20221108.pdf

8 Herz, S., Antonia, V., & Jonathan, J. (2007, May). Development Without Conflict: The Business Case For Community Consent. World Resources Institute; Fredericks, C., Meaney, M., Pelosi, N., & Finn, K. (2018). Social Cost and Material Loss: The Dakota Access Pipeline. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3287216; Temper, L., Avila, S., Bene, D. D., Gobby, J., Kosoy, N., Billon, P. L., Martinez-Alier, J., Perkins, P., Roy, B., Scheidel, A., & Walter, M. (2020). Movements shaping climate futures: A systematic mapping of protests against fossil fuel and low-carbon energy projects. Environmental Research Letters, 15(12), 123004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc197

9 Pelosi, N., & Adamson, R. (2016). Managing the "S” in ESG: The Case of Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industries. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 28(2), 87–95. https://www.colorado.edu/program/fpw/sites/default/files/attached-files/managing_the_s_in_esg.pdf

10 Amazon Watch review of Geopark’s 6-K and 20-F filings from 2017-2020, referenced in Amazon Watch et al. (June 14, 2021); Letter to Chair Gensler Re: Response to Call for Public Input on Climate Change Disclosures from Commissioner Allison Herren Lee. https://www.sec.gov/comments/climate-disclosure/cll12-9061308-246408.pdf.

11 First Peoples Worldwide. (2019). Social Cost and Material Loss: The Dakota Access Pipeline. University of Colorado. https://www.colorado.edu/program/fpw/DAPL-case-study.

12 Blackrock. (2023). Investment Stewardship Engagement Priorities. https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/literature/publication/blk-stewardship-priorities-final.pdf

14 UN Environment Programme Finance Initiative. (n.d.). The Net-Zero Insurance Alliance Statement of commitment by signatory companies. https://www.unepfi.org/psi/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/NZIA-Commitment.pdf

15 Axis Capital. (2022, October). AXIS Capital Holdings Limited Human Rights Policy. https://www.axiscapital.com/docs/default-source/about-axis/axis-capital-ungc-communication-on-progress-fy2021-final.pdf.

18 Institutional Shareholder Services. (2019, April). Indigenous Rights. https://www.issgovernance.com/file/publications/ISS-ESG_Insight_Indigenous_Rights.pdf

19 Aylwin, J., & Rohr, J. (2021, June). The UN Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights and Indigenous Peoples: Progress achieved, the implementation gap and challenges for the next Decade. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. https://www.iwgia.org/en/resources/publications/305-books/4419-the-un-guiding-principles-on-business-human-rights-and-indigenous-peoples-%E2%80%93-progress-achieved,-the-implementation-gap-and-challenges-for-the-next-decade.html.

20 Cook, M., Macmillan, H. (2020). Money Talks, Banks are Talking: Dakota Access Pipeline Finance Lessons Retrospective. UCLA Indigenous Peoples Journal of Law, Culture, and Resistance forthcoming (Fall 2020); https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1043285c

21 KLP. (2017). Decision to exclude Energy Transfer Partners, Phillips 66, Enbridge Inc., and Marathon Petroleum Corporation. https://www.klp.no/en/english-pdf/Decision%20to%20exclude%20ETP%20Phillips%2066%20Enbridge%20and%20Marathon%20Petroleum.pdf; Mooney, A. (2017, February 11). Nordea bans investment in Dakota Access oil pipeline. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/8e481378-ef9d-11e6-930f-061b01e23655; Wong, J. C. (2017, March). Private investor divests $34.8m from firms tied to Dakota Access pipeline. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/01/dakota-access-pipeline-storebrand-norway-divest-standing-rock; BankTrack. (2017). Six banks step away from Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) and backers. BankTrack. https://www.banktrack.org/article/three_banks_step_away_from_dakota_access_pipeline_backers_v

22 Fredericks, C., Meaney, M., Pelosi, N., & Finn, K. (2018). SOCIAL COST AND MATERIAL LOSS: THE DAKOTA ACCESS PIPELINE. First Peoples Worldwide. https://www.colorado.edu/program/fpw/sites/default/files/attached-files/social_cost_and_material_loss_0.pdf

23 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2022). Investing in renewable energy to power a just transition: INVESTOR GUIDE. https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/2022_RE_investor_guide_vEYihQv.pdf

24 Goytia, M. J. (2022, June 8). CFE Cancels Gunaa Sicarú Wind Farm Contract in Oaxaca. Mexico Business. https://mexicobusiness.news/energy/news/cfe-cancels-gunaa-sicaru-wind-farm-contract-oaxaca

25 Stk’emlupsemc Te Secwepemc Nation. (2017). Decision of the SSN Joint Council on the Proposed KGHM Ajax. https://stkemlups.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/3-2017.03.04-SSN-Joint-Council-Decision-Document-.pdf

26 Baker, R. (2018, June 27). Federal government rejects proposed Ajax mine near Kamloops, B.C. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/federal-government-rejects-ajax-mine-proposal-1.4725543

27 WWF. (2022). Seeing the forest for the trees - a practical guide for financial institutions to take action against deforestation and conversion risks.https://www.wwf.nl/globalassets/pdf/rapporten/seeing-the-forest-for-the-trees.pdf

28 The World Bank Group. (2021). The Economic Case for Nature A global Earth-economy model to assess development policy pathways. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/35882/A-Global-Earth-Economy-Model-to-Assess-Development-Policy-Pathways.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

29 Forest Declaration Assessment Partners. (2022). Forest governance: Theme 4 assessment. Forest Declaration Assessment: Are we on track for 2030?. https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022ForestDeclarationAssessment.pdf

30 Sze, J. S., Childs, D. Z., Carrasco, L. R., & Edwards, D. P. (2022). Indigenous lands in protected areas have high forest integrity across the tropics. Current Biology, 32(22), 4949-4956.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.040; Schuster, R., Germain, R. R., Bennett, J. R., Reo, N. J., & Arcese, P. (2019). Vertebrate biodiversity on indigenous-managed lands in Australia, Brazil, and Canada equals that in protected areas. Environmental Science &Amp; Policy, 101, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.002

31 Prioli Duarte, D., Peres, C. A., Perdomo, E. F. C., Guizar-Coutiño, A., & Nelson, B. W. (2023). Reducing natural vegetation loss in Amazonia critically depends on the formal recognition of indigenous lands. Biological Conservation, 279, 109936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.109936

32 Ray, R., Gallagher, K., & Sanborn, C. (2018). Standardizing Sustainable Development?: Development Banks in the Andean Amazon. Boston University. https://www.bu.edu/gdp/files/2018/04/Development-Banks-in-the-Andean-Amazon.pdf

33 Forest Declaration Assessment Partners. (2022). Forest governance: Theme 4 assessment. Forest Declaration Assessment: Are we on track for 2030?. https://forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022ForestDeclarationAssessment.pdf

35 Scheidel, A., del Bene, D., Liu, J., Navas, G., Mingorría, S., Demaria, F., Avila, S., Roy, B., Ertör, I., Temper, L., & Martínez-Alier, J. (2020). Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview. Global Environmental Change, 63, 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104

36 Indigenous Peoples Rights International. (2022, July). Xanharu || Upholding Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Legislation and Jurisprudence: Global, Regional, and National Developments. https://iprights.org/images/articles/resources/Digest/Xanharu%20-%20Upholding%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20Rights%20Legislation%20and%20Jurisprudence.pdf

37 Indigenous Peoples Rights International. (2022, July). Xanharu || Upholding Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Legislation and Jurisprudence: Global, Regional, and National Developments. https://iprights.org/images/articles/resources/Digest/Xanharu%20-%20Upholding%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20Rights%20Legislation%20and%20Jurisprudence.pdf

38 United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. (n.d.). Factsheet: Who are indigenous peoples?. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/5session_factsheet1.pdf

40 Asia Pacific Forum & OHCHR. (2013). The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A Manual for National Human Rights Institutions. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/UNDRIPManualForNHRIs.pdf

41 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights & International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. (2005). Report of the African Commission’s Working Group of Experts on Indigenous Populations/Communities (No. 87-90730-82–8). https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/African_Commission_book.pdf

43 United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. (n.d.-a). Factsheet: Indigenous Peoples in the Pacific Region. United Nations. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/factsheet_Pacfic_FINAL.pdf

44 R Koy, C. (2009). Indigenous Peoples in Asia: Rights and Development Challenges. In Making the Declaration Work: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. https://www.iwgia.org/images/documents/popular-publications/making-the-declaration-work.pdf

45 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2009). A/HRC/EMRIP/2009/6: DRAFT GUIDELINES ON THE PROTECTION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN VOLUNTARY ISOLATION AND IN INITIAL CONTACT OF THE AMAZON BASIN AND EL CHACO, para. 7. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/659795?ln=en

46 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights & Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2013). Indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation and initial contact in the Americas: Recommendations for the full respect of their human rights (OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.47/13). http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/indigenous/docs/pdf/report-indigenous-peoples-voluntary-isolation.pdf

47Locations of Uncontacted Tribes. (2017, May 8). The Decolonial Atlas. https://decolonialatlas.wordpress.com/2016/04/21/territories-of-uncontacted-tribes/

48 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights & Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2013). Indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation and initial contact in the Americas: Recommendations for the full respect of their human rights (OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.47/13). http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/indigenous/docs/pdf/report-indigenous-peoples-voluntary-isolation.pdf

49 Asia Pacific Forum & OHCHR. (2013). The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A Manual for National Human Rights Institutions. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/UNDRIPManualForNHRIs.pdf

50 See e.g., Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2022). CEDAW/C/GC/39: General recommendation No.39 (2022) on the rights of Indigenous women and Girls, para. 12. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-recommendation-no39-2022-rights-indigeneous; Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. (2020). CERD/C/102/D/54/2013: Opinion adopted by the Committee under article 14 of the Convention, concerning communication No. 54/2013, para. 6.5. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD/C/102/D/54/2013&Lang=en

51 Asia Pacific Forum & OHCHR. (2013). The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A Manual for National Human Rights Institutions. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/UNDRIPManualForNHRIs.pdf

52 Gómez Isa, F. (2019). The UNDRIP: an increasingly robust legal parameter. The International Journal of Human Rights, 23(1–2), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1568994

53 Cultural Survival. (2022). The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Turns 15. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/un-declaration-rights-indigenous-peoples-turns-15

54 Asia Pacific Forum & OHCHR. (2013). The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A Manual for National Human Rights Institutions. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/UNDRIPManualForNHRIs.pdf

55 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2009). A/HRC/12/34/Add.2: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya - Addendum - Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil, para. 22. https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/12/34/Add.2

56 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2020). A/HRC/45/38: Right to land under the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: a human rights focus, para. 14. https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/45/38

57 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2009). A/HRC/EMRIP/2009/6: Draft Guidelines on the Protection of Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and in Initial Contact of The Amazon Basin and El Chaco. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/659795?ln=en

58 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2022). A/HRC/48/75: Efforts to Implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Self-Determination. Human Rights Council. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc4875-efforts-implement-united-nations-declaration-rights-indigenous

59 Asia Pacific Forum & OHCHR. (2013). The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A Manual for National Human Rights Institutions. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/UNDRIPManualForNHRIs.pdf

60 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. (1997). General Recommendation No. 23: Indigenous Peoples : . 08/18/1997. Gen. Rec. No. 23. (General Comments). http://www.eods.eu/library/UN_International%20Convention%20on%20the%20Elimination%20of%20Racial%20Discrimination_General%20recommendation%2023_1997_EN.pdf

61 Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2001). Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_79_ing.pdf

62 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2009). E/C.12/GC/21: General comment No. 21. Right of everyone to take part in cultural life (art. 15, para. 1 (a), of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G09/469/22/PDF/G0946922.pdf?OpenElement.

63 Human Rights Committee. (2009). CCPR/C/95/D/1457/2006: Communication No. 1457/2006, para. 7.6. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/653270?ln=en

64 Indigenous Peoples Rights International. (2022, July). Xanharu || Upholding Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Legislation and Jurisprudence: Global, Regional, and National Developments.https://iprights.org/images/articles/resources/Digest/Xanharu%20-%20Upholding%20Indigenous%20Peoples%20Rights%20Legislation%20and%20Jurisprudence.pdf

65 Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2001). The Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tigni Community v. Nicaragua: Judgement of August 31, 2001. https://www.escr-net.org/sites/default/files/seriec_79_ing_0.pdf

66 Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2001). The Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tigni Community v. Nicaragua: Judgement of August 31, 2001. https://www.escr-net.org/sites/default/files/seriec_79_ing_0.pdf

67 Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2007). Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname Judgment of November 28, 2007, para. 121. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_172_ing.pdf

68 Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. (2018). A/HRC/39/17: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc3917-report-special-rapporteur-rights-indigenous-peoples?fbclid=IwAR2WY4QHxE5Kxiv7xAYjUv-03nPVGGKmnovdSPVAWznFd1WXdy0rvnP3a9Q

69 Cultural Survival. (2022, March 24). Statement towards Discontinuing the Use of the Collective Term "Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities” or "IPLC.”https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/statement-towards-discontinuing-use-collective-term-indigenous-peoples-and-local-communities

70 Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2007). Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname Judgment of November 28, 2007. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_172_ing.pdf

71 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, para. 7-8. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

72 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, para. 11. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

73 Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. (2012). A/HRC/21/47: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya, para 50. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G12/150/56/PDF/G1215056.pdf?OpenElement

74 See e.g., Human Rights Committee. (2009). CCPR/C/95/D/1457/2006: Communication No. 1457/2006

75 See e.g., Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. (1997). General Recommendation No. 23: Indigenous Peoples : . 08/18/1997. Gen. Rec. No. 23. (General Comments). http://www.eods.eu/library/UN_International%20Convention%20on%20the%20Elimination%20of%20Racial%20Discrimination_General%20recommendation%2023_1997_EN.pdf; Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. (2020). CERD/C/102/D/54/2013: Opinion adopted by the Committee under article 14 of the Convention, concerning communication No. 54/2013. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD/C/102/D/54/2013&Lang=en

76 See e.g., Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2009). E/C.12/GC/21: General comment No. 21. Right of everyone to take part in cultural life (art. 15, para. 1 (a), of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G09/469/22/PDF/G0946922.pdf?OpenElement; Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2015). E/C.12/GUY/CO/2-4: Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Guyana. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G15/245/67/PDF/G1524567.pdf?OpenElement

77 See e.g., Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2015). CEDAW /C/ECU/CO/8-9: Concluding observations on the combined eighth and ninth periodic reports of Ecuador. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N15/066/54/PDF/N1506654.pdf?OpenElement; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2022). CEDAW/C/GC/39: General recommendation No.39 (2022) on the rights of Indigenous women and Girls. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-recommendation-no39-2022-rights-indigeneous

78 See e.g., Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2016). CRC/C/NPL/CO/3-5: Concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of Nepal. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/147/42/PDF/G1614742.pdf?OpenElement

79 The Social Practice Forum. (2020). Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) - A Primer: Lessons from the Field. https://socialpracticeforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/FPIC.pdf

80 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, para. 35. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

81 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2012). A/HRC/21/55: Follow-up report on indigenous peoples and the right to participate in decision-making, with a focus on extractive industries. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-55_en.pdf

82 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2009). E/C.12/GC/21: General comment No. 21. Right of everyone to take part in cultural life (art. 15, para. 1 (a), of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G09/469/22/PDF/G0946922.pdf?OpenElement

83 See UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), Article 11, 31

84 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, para. 52. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf; Convention on Biological Diversity Article 8 (j); Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, target 21

85 See UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), Article 10, 29.

86 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples para. 34. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

87 Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. (2012). A/HRC/21/47: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya, para 48-49. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G12/150/56/PDF/G1215056.pdf?OpenElement

88 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2009). A/HRC/EMRIP/2009/6: Draft Guidelines on the Protection of Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and in Initial Contact of The Amazon Basin and El Chaco. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/659795?ln=en

89 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach. Op. Cit., para. 15 & 18. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

90 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach. Op. Cit., para. 20-23. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

91 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach. Op. Cit., para. 25. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

92 UN Human Rights Council Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2011). A/HRC/18/42: Final report of the study on indigenous peoples and the right to participate in decision-making: report of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, para. 23. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/710369?ln=en

93 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Op. Cit., para. 26. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

94 African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. (2022.) Mau Ogiek v. Kenya, Reparations

95 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Op. Cit., para. 24. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

96 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Op. Cit., para. 13. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

97 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Op. Cit., para. 30. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf; Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2018). E/C.12/ARG/CO/4: Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of Argentina, para. 21. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1656196?ln=en

98 Doyle, C., Rojas Garzon, B., Weitzner, V., & Okamoto, T. (2019). Free Prior Informed Consent Protocols as Instruments of Autonomy: Laying Foundations for Rights Based Engagement. https://enip.eu/FPIC/FPIC.pdf

99 See for example ICMM. (2013). Indigenous Peoples and Mining: Position Statement. https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/our-principles/position-statements/indigenous-peoples

100 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (2021). OEA/Ser.L/V/II.: Derecho a la libre determinación de Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales. https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/informes/pdfs/LibreDeterminacionES.pdf

101 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Op. Cit., para. 28. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

102 Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Case of the Kaliña and Lokono Peoples v. Suriname. Op. Cit, para. 224.

103 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2017). E/C.12/GC/24: General comment No. 24 (2017) on State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities, para. 5. https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQcIMOuuG4TpS9jwIhCJcXiuZ1yrkMD/Sj8YF%2BSXo4mYx7Y/3L3zvM2zSUbw6ujlnCawQrJx3hlK8Odka6DUwG3Y

104 Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Case of the Kaliña and Lokono Peoples v. Suriname. Op. Cit, para. 224.

105 Principle 11 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

106 Commentary to Principle 12 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

107 Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Case of the Kaliña and Lokono Peoples v. Suriname. Op. Cit, para. 224.

108 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2017). E/C.12/GC/24: General comment No. 24 (2017) on State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities, Op. cit., para. 12. https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=4slQ6QSmlBEDzFEovLCuW1a0Szab0oXTdImnsJZZVQcIMOuuG4TpS9jwIhCJcXiuZ1yrkMD/Sj8YF%2BSXo4mYx7Y/3L3zvM2zSUbw6ujlnCawQrJx3hlK8Odka6DUwG3Y

109 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2013). A/HRC/24/41: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya: Extractive industries and indigenous peoples. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session24/Documents/A-HRC-24-41_en.pdf

110 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2012, July). A/HRC/EMRIP/2012/CRP.1: Comment on the Human Rights Council’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights as related to Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Participate in Decision-Making with a Focus on Extractive Industries.https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Session5/A-HRC-EMRIP-2012-CRP1_en.pdf

111 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2010). A /HRC/15/37: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya, para. 54-55. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F15%2F37&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False

112 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Op. Cit., para. 30; Article 11&32 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

113 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2010). A /HRC/15/37: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya, para. 74-75. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F15%2F37&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False; Article 20&32 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; ILO 169 Article 15

114 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2010). A /HRC/15/37: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya, para. 76-80. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F15%2F37&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False; Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2007). Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname Judgment of November 28, 2007, para. 138-140; ILO 169 Article 15.

115 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2012, July). A/HRC/EMRIP/2012/CRP.1: Comment on the Human Rights Council’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights as related to Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Participate in Decision-Making with a Focus on Extractive Industries, Op. Cit., para. 31. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Session5/A-HRC-EMRIP-2012-CRP1_en.pdf

116 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2010). A /HRC/15/37: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya, Op. Cit., para. 65. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F15%2F37&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False

117 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Article 22; Commentary to Principle 18 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2022). CEDAW/C/GC/39: General recommendation No.39 (2022) on the rights of Indigenous women and Girls.https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-recommendation-no39-2022-rights-indigeneous; Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2021). A/HRC/48/74: Rights of the indigenous child under the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc4874-rights-indigenous-child-under-united-nations-declaration-rights

118 Commentary to Principle 20 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

119 Commentary to Principle 20 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

120 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2012, July). A/HRC/EMRIP/2012/CRP.1: Comment on the Human Rights Council’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights as related to Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Participate in Decision-Making with a Focus on Extractive Industries, para. 46. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Session5/A-HRC-EMRIP-2012-CRP1_en.pdf

121 Article 28 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

122 Principle 29 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

123 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2013). A/HRC/24/41: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya: Extractive industries and indigenous peoples. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session24/Documents/A-HRC-24-41_en.pdf

124 Commentary to Principle 29 of the UN Guiding Principles

125 Storey, H. (2020). Non-judicial grievance mechanisms as a route to remedy. Forest Peoples Programme. https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/documents/Non-Judicial-Grievance-ENG-v04_0.pdf

126 Principle 24 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

127 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2012, July). A/HRC/EMRIP/2012/CRP.1: Comment on the Human Rights Council’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights as related to Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Participate in Decision-Making with a Focus on Extractive Industries. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Session5/A-HRC-EMRIP-2012-CRP1_en.pdf

128 Principle 23 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

129 Article 5 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

130 Article 18 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

131 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2020). A/HRC/45/38: Right to land under the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: a human rights focus. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G20/181/61/PDF/G2018161.pdf?OpenElement

132 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2010). A /HRC/EMRIP/2010/2: Progress report on the study on indigenous peoples and the right to participate in decision-making, para. 42. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/134/39/PDF/G1013439.pdf?OpenElement

133 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2010). A /HRC/EMRIP/2010/2: Progress report on the study on indigenous peoples and the right to participate in decision-making, para. 46&51. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/134/39/PDF/G1013439.pdf?OpenElement

134 Gitanyow Hereditary Chiefs. (2022a). Celebrating 10 Years: Sustainable Development, Gwelx ye’enst & Leading-Edge Land Use Planning. https://www.gitanyowchiefs.com/images/uploads/early-engagement/2022_(09)_Tenth_Anniversary_compressed_(digital).pdf

135 See e.g., Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2018a). E/C.12/MEX/CO/5-6: Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Mexico. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FMEX%2FCO%2F5-6&Lang=en

136 Doyle, C., Rojas Garzon, B., Weitzner, V., & Okamoto, T. (2019). Free Prior Informed Consent Protocols as Instruments of Autonomy: Laying Foundations for Rights Based Engagement. https://enip.eu/FPIC/FPIC.pdf

137 Federal Regional Tribunal of the First Region, Brazil. (2017). APELAÇÃO CÍVEL N. 0002505-70.2013.4.01.3903/PA. https://ox.socioambiental.org/sites/default/files/ficha-tecnica/node/218/edit/2018-09/Belo%20Sun%20-%20Ementa_0.pdf

138 Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. (2011). A/66/288: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, para. 95. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2F66%2F288&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False

139 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2013). A/HRC/24/41: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya: Extractive industries and indigenous peoples, para. 55. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session24/Documents/A-HRC-24-41_en.pdf

140 Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. (2011). A/66/288: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. Op Cit., para. 93. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2F66%2F288&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False

141 See e.g., Maya indigenous community of the Toledo District v. Belize, Case 12.053, Report No. 40/04, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.122 Doc. 5 rev. 1 at 727 (2004); Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2007). Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname Judgment of November 28, 2007. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_172_ing.pdf

142 Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment & UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights. (2018). Impacts of the International Investment Regime on Access to Justice. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Business/CCSI_UNWGBHR_InternationalInvestmentRegime.pdf;Wang, C., Ning, J., & Zhang, X. (2021). International Investment and Indigenous Peoples’ Environment: A Survey of ISDS Cases from 2000 to 2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157798

143 Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council. (2017). A/70/301: Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on the rights of indigenous peoples on the impact of international investment and free trade on the human rights of indigenous peoples. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N15/249/09/PDF/N1524909.pdf?OpenElement

144 Commentary to Principle 11 of the UN Guiding Principles

145 Working Group on Business and Human Rights. (2021). A/76/238: Report of the Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/reports/a76238-report-human-rights-compatible-international-investment-agreements.

146 Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment & UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights. (2018). Impacts of the International Investment Regime on Access to Justice. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Business/CCSI_UNWGBHR_InternationalInvestmentRegime.pdf

147 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2013). A/HRC/24/41: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya: Extractive industries and indigenous peoples, para. 55. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session24/Documents/A-HRC-24-41_en.pdf

148 Parliament of Australia. (2021, August 23). Inquiry into the destruction of 46,000 year old caves at the Juukan Gorge in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. https://www.aph.gov.au/%7E/link.aspx?_id=FE887411CFA84822853C275BE078265E

149 Butler, B., Allam, L., & Wahlquist, C. (2020, September 13). Rio Tinto CEO and senior executives resign from company after Juukan Gorge debacle. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/sep/11/rio-tinto-ceo-senior-executives-resign-juukan-gorge-debacle-caves

150 Ker, P. (2020, October 29). Big investors challenge miners over traditional owner consent. Australian Financial Review. https://www.afr.com/companies/mining/big-investors-challenge-miners-over-traditional-owner-consent-20201028-p569gr

151 HESTA. (2021). Investor collaboration following heritage destruction at Juukan Gorge achieves agreement with Rio Tinto on improved disclosure and governance arrangements. https://www.hesta.com.au/about-us/media-centre/investor-collaboration-achieves-agreement-with-rio-tinto

152 MarketWatch. (2022, November 28). Rio Stock Fell After the Company Struck a Deal With the Juukan Gorge Group on Restitution. https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/rio-stock-fell-after-the-company-struck-a-deal-with-the-juukan-gorge-group-on-restitution-2022-11-28?siteid=bigcharts

153 Kaurareg Aboriginal Land Trust. (2018). EMPRIP Study on Free Prior and Informed Consent. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/FPIC/KauraregAboriginalLandTrust.pdf

154 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2013). A/HRC/24/41: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya: Extractive industries and indigenous peoples, para. 25. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session24/Documents/A-HRC-24-41_en.pdf

155 Alvitres, G. (2022, July 21). Amazonian communities in Peru try to keep oil-rich Block 64 in their own hands. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2022/07/amazonian-communities-in-peru-try-to-keep-oil-rich-block-64-in-their-own-hands/

156 Swiss Info. (2021). Petroperú buscará nuevo socio para explotar el Lote 64 tras salida de GeoPark. https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/per%C3%BA-petr%C3%B3leo_petroper%C3%BA-buscar%C3%A1-nuevo-socio-para-explotar-el-lote-64-tras-salida-de-geopark/46987252

157 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2012). (HR/PUB/12/02): The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights: An interpretive guide. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Business/RtRInterpretativeGuide.pdf

158 Amazon Watch. (2010). Ambush in Sarayaku territory leaves three persons seriously injured. https://amazonwatch.org/news/2010/0502-ambush-in-sarayaku-territory-leaves-three-persons-seriously-injured

159 Melo, M. (2019). Working Paper 8: Sarayaku Before the Inter-American Human Rights System Justice for the People of the Zenith and Their Living Forest. In https://www.dejusticia.org. Dejusticia. https://www.dejusticia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Sarayaku-before-the-Interamerican-Human-Rights-System.pdf

160 Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. (2011). A/66/288: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, para. 94. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2F66%2F288&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False

161 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2009). A/HRC/12/34: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya, para. 51. https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A%2FHRC%2F12%2F34

162 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2009). A/HRC/12/34: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya, para. 53. https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A%2FHRC%2F12%2F34

163 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2009). A/HRC/12/34: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya, para. 51. https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A%2FHRC%2F12%2F34

164 ILO 169 Article 7.3

165 Special Representative of the Secretary-General on human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. (2007). A/HRC/4/74: Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises - "Human rights impact assessments - resolving key methodological questions, para. 23. https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/4/74

166 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2009). A/HRC/12/34: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya, para. 65. https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A%2FHRC%2F12%2F34

167 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, para. 42-43. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

168 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, para. 44. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

169 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2010). A /HRC/15/37: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya, para. 79. Op. Cit. https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F15%2F37&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False; Convention on Biological Diversity Article 8 (j); ILO Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Article 15; Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2007). Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname Judgment of November 28, 2007, paragraph 139-141; CERD. (2003). CERD/C/62/CO/2: Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties under Article 9 of the Convention, Concluding Observations on Ecuador, para. 16.

170 Principle 21 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

171 The Tkarihwaié:ri code of ethical conduct, para. 31

172 Working Group on Business and Human Rights. (2013). A/68/279: Report of the Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises: "Business-related impacts on the rights of indigenous peoples”.https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Business/A-68-279.pdf.

173 Rohr, J., & Aylwin, J. (2014). Business and Human Rights: Interpreting the UN Guiding Principles for Indigenous Peoples. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.

174 Temper, L., Avila, S., Bene, D. D., Gobby, J., Kosoy, N., Billon, P. L., Martinez-Alier, J., Perkins, P., Roy, B., Scheidel, A., & Walter, M. (2020). Movements shaping climate futures: A systematic mapping of protests against fossil fuel and low carbon energy projects.; Scheidel, A., del Bene, D., Liu, J., Navas, G., Mingorría, S., Demaria, F., Avila, S., Roy, B., Ertör, I., Temper, L., & Martínez-Alier, J. (2020). Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview. Global Environmental Change, 63, 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104

175 Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. (2022). E/C.19/2022/6: International expert group meeting on the theme "Indigenous peoples, business, autonomy and the human rights principles of due diligence, including free, prior, and informed consent”.https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/unpfii-twenty-first-session-25-april-6-may-2022.html

176 Muñoz Quick, P., Zbona, A., Dobson, C., & Ineichen, M. (2020). Safeguarding Human Rights Defenders: Practical Guidance for Investors. Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/files/Safeguarding_Human_Rights_Defenders_Practical_Guidance_for_Investors_FINAL_0.pdf

177 John Ruggie. (2006). E/CN.4/2006/97: Interim report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises.

178 Temper, L., Avila, S., Bene, D. D., Gobby, J., Kosoy, N., Billon, P. L., Martinez-Alier, J., Perkins, P., Roy, B., Scheidel, A., & Walter, M. (2020). Movements shaping climate futures: A systematic mapping of protests against fossil fuel and low-carbon energy projects. Environmental Research Letters, 15(12), 123004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc197

179 Sierra Praeli, Y. (2022, October 24). In the western Amazon, oil blocks eat away at Indigenous lands, protected areas. Mongabay Environmental News. https://news.mongabay.com/2022/10/in-the-western-amazon-oil-blocks-eat-away-at-indigenous-lands-protected-areas/

180 MacInnes, A., Colchester, M., & Whitmore, A. (2017). Free, prior and informed consent: how to rectify the devastating consequences of harmful mining for indigenous peoples’. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 15(3), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.05.007

181 See e.g., Mining Association of Canada. (2014). Facts & Figures of the Canadian Mining Industry: 2014. https://mining.ca/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/06/Facts_and_Figures_2014.pdf

182 Scheidel, A., del Bene, D., Liu, J., Navas, G., Mingorría, S., Demaria, F., Avila, S., Roy, B., Ertör, I., Temper, L., & Martínez-Alier, J. (2020). Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview. Global Environmental Change, 63, 102104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104

183 Working Group on Mining and Human Rights in Latin America. (2014). The impact of Canadian Mining in Latin America and Canada’s Responsibility: The impact of Canadian Mining in Latin America and Canada’s Responsibility. https://www.dplf.org/sites/default/files/report_canadian_mining_executive_summary.pdf

184 As of March 2023, out of 705 documented cases in the Environmental Justice Atlas, Indigenous peoples were affected in 338. The Global Atlas of Environmental Justice. www.ejatlas.org

185 MacInnes, A., Colchester, M., & Whitmore, A. (2017). Free, prior and informed consent: how to rectify the devastating consequences of harmful mining for indigenous peoples’. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 15(3), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.05.007

186 Owen, J. R., Kemp, D., Harris, J., Lechner, A. M., & Lèbre, L. (2022). Fast track to failure? Energy transition minerals and the future of consultation and consent. Energy Research &Amp; Social Science, 89, 102665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102665

187 See e.g., TRANS-TASMAN RESOURCES LIMITED v TARANAKI-WHANGANUI CONSERVATION BOARD, (30 September 2021) NZSC 127.

188 Rohr, J., & Aylwin, J. (2014). Business and Human Rights: Interpreting the UN Guiding Principles for Indigenous Peoples. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.

189 Murphy, S., Burch, D., & Clapp, J. (2012). CEREAL SECRETS: The world’s largest grain traders and global agriculture. Ofxam. https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/rr-cereal-secrets-grain-traders-agriculture-30082012-en_4.pdf

190 Amazon Watch, De Olho Nos Ruralistas, Profundo, & Angelo, M. (2020, October). Complicity in Destruction III: How Global Corporations Enable Violations of Indigenous People’s Rights in the Brazilian Amazon. Amazon Watch https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2020-complicity-in-destruction-3.pdf; Forest Peoples Programme & Global Canopy. (2022). Identifying the Human Rights Impacts of Palm Oil: Guidance for Financial Institutions and Down- stream Companies.https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/documents/FPP%20Palm%20Oil%20Report%20FINAL.pdf; Griffiths, T., & Jiwan, N. (2021). Demanding accountability: Strengthening corporate accountability and supply chain due diligence to protect human rights and safeguard the environment. Forest Peoples Programme. https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/documents/210615_Demanding%20Accountability%20v10.pdf

191 Griffiths, T., & Jiwan, N. (2021). Demanding accountability: Strengthening corporate accountability and supply chain due diligence to protect human rights and safeguard the environment. Forest Peoples Programme. https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/documents/210615_Demanding%20Accountability%20v10.pdf

192 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2022). Investing in renewable energy to power a just transition: INVESTOR GUIDE. https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/2022_RE_investor_guide_vEYihQv.pdf

193 Indigenous Peoples Rights International & Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2022). Protector not prisoner: Indigenous peoples face rights violations & criminalization in climate actions. In https://www.iprights.org/. https://www.iprights.org/index.php/en/component/content/article/protector-not-prisoner-indigenous-peoples-face-rights-violations-criminalization-in-climate-actions?catid=9&Itemid=102

194 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2019). Fast & Fair Renewable Energy Investments: A Practical Guide for Investors. https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/Renewable_Energy_Investor_Briefing_0.pdf

195 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2021). Renewable Energy Human Rights Benchmark: Key Findings from the Wind & Solar Sectors.

196 Dufrasne, G. (2021). Two Shades of Green: How Hot Air Forest Credits Are Being Used to Avoid Carbon Taxes in Colombia. https://carbonmarketwatch.org/publications/two-shades-of-green-how-hot-air-forest-credits-are-being-used-to-avoid-carbon-taxes-in-colombia/; Badgley, G., Baratt, L. (2021). Systematic over‐Crediting in California's Forest Carbon Offsets Program. Global Change Biology, vol. 28, no. 4, 2021, pp. 1433–1445., https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15943; Sandler Clarke, J., & Barratt, L. (2021). Top airlines’ promises to offset flights rely on ‘phantom credits.’https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2021/05/04/carbon-offsetting-british-airways-easyjet-verra/

197 Mousseau, F., & Teare, E. (2019). Evicted for Carbon Credits; Norway, Sweden, and Finland Displace Ugandan Farmers for Carbon Trading. The Oakland Institute. https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/evicted-carbon_0.pdf

198 As of March 2023, out of 72 documented cases in the Environmental Justice Atlas, Indigenous peoples were affected in 44. EJatlas. (2023). The Global Atlas of Environmental Justice. www.ejatlas.org

200 South Rupununi District Council. (2023, February 17). What’s missing in the Carbon Credits Debate: Titling of Indigenous Lands. Kaieteur News. https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2023/02/17/whats-missing-in-the-carbon-credits-debate-titling-of-indigenous-lands/

201 OHCHR. (2022, June). Benchmarking Study of Development Finance Institutions’ Safeguard Policies. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Development/DFI/OHCHR_Benchmarking_Study_HRDD.pdf

202 Baker, S. H. (2013). Why the IFC’s Free, Prior, and Informed Consent Policy Does Not Matter (Yet) to Indigenous Communities Affected by Development Projects. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 30(3), 668–705.

203 Salcito, K. (2021, May). "Missing Peoples” at IFC: IFC’s limited application of Performance Standard 7 (PS7) on indigenous peoples is missing dozens if not hundreds of communities. NOMOGAIA. http://nomogaia.org/report-missing-peoples-ifc-projects-that-did-not-apply-ps7/

204 First Peoples Worldwide (2019, December 18). First Peoples’ Response to EP4: Critically Weak Equator Principles. https://www.colorado.edu/program/fpw/2019/11/19/first-peoples-response-ep4-critically-weak-equator-principles-puts-global-development

205 Greep, H. & BankTrack. (2020). "Trust Us, We’re Equator Banks”: Part II: the adequacy and effectiveness of grievance mechanisms and stakeholder engagement under the Equator Principles. In BankTrack. https://www.banktrack.org/download/trust_us_were_equator_banks_part_ii/201124__part_ii_trust_us_were_equator_banks_1.pdf

206 Meadows, J., Annandale, M., & Ota, L. (2019). Indigenous Peoples’ participation in sustainability standards for extractives. Land Use Policy, 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104118

207 Meadows, J., Annandale, M., & Ota, L. (2019). Indigenous Peoples’ participation in sustainability standards for extractives. Land Use Policy, 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104118; MacInnes, A., Colchester, M., & Whitmore, A. (2017). Free, prior and informed consent: how to rectify the devastating consequences of harmful mining for indigenous peoples’. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 15(3), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.05.007

208 Meadows, J., Annandale, M., & Ota, L. (2019). Indigenous Peoples’ participation in sustainability standards for extractives. Land Use Policy, 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104118

209 Working Group on Business and Human Rights. (2016). A/71/291: Addressing the human rights impacts of agro-industrial operations on indigenous and local communities: State duties and responsibilities of business enterprises

210 Aylwin, J., & Rohr, J. (2021, June). The UN Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights and Indigenous Peoples: Progress achieved, the implementation gap and challenges for the next Decade. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.

211 MSI Integrity. (2020). Not Fit-for-Purpose: The Grand Experiment of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives in Corporate Accountability, Human Rights and Global Governance. https://www.msi-integrity.org/not-fit-for-purpose/

212 Proforest. (2020). Understanding commitments to No Deforestation, No Peat and No Exploitation (NDPE). https://www.proforest.net/fileadmin/uploads/proforest/Documents/Publications/infonote_04_introndpe.pdf

213 Forest Peoples Programme & Global Canopy. (2022). Identifying the Human Rights Impacts of Palm Oil: Guidance for Financial Institutions and Down- stream Companies.https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/documents/FPP%20Palm%20Oil%20Report%20FINAL.pdf

214 Chain Reaction Research. (2023, January 26). Lack of Cross-Commodity NDPE Implementation Allows Deforestation. https://chainreactionresearch.com/report/lack-of-cross-commodity-ndpe-implementation-allows-deforestation/

215 World Benchmarking Alliance. (2022). 2022 Nature Benchmark: Measuring the world’s most influential companies on their efforts to protect our environment and its biodiversity. https://www.worldbenchmarkingalliance.org/publication/nature/.

216 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2021). Renewable Energy Human Rights Benchmark: Key Findings from the Wind & Solar Sectors.

217 Global Canopy. (2023). 2023: A watershed year for action on deforestation.

218 Aylwin, J., & Rohr, J. (2021, June). The UN Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights and Indigenous Peoples: Progress achieved, the implementation gap and challenges for the next Decade. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.

219 Responsible Mining Index. (2022). Thematic Results | RMI Report 2022. https://2022.responsibleminingindex.org/en/results/thematic/1453

220 The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2023). OHCHR Feedback on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/eu-csddd-feedback-ohchr.pdf

221 Principle 16 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

222 Principle 16 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights; Blackwell, S., Muños-Quick, P., DeWinter-Schmitt, R., Skadegård Thorsen, S., & Skadegård Thorsen, T. (2020). Investor Toolkit on Human Rights. Investor Alliance for Human Rights.

223 Commentary to Principle 18 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

224 Human Rights Council. (2018). A/HRC/38/NGO/91: Written statement submitted by Centre Europe - tiers monde, a non-governmental organization in general consultative status

225 Working Group on Business and Human Rights (2013). A/68/279: Report of the Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises: "Business-related impacts on the rights of indigenous peoples”.

226 Imai, S., Gardner, L., & Weinberger, S. (2017, December 1). The "Canada Brand”: Violence and Canadian Mining Companies in Latin America. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2886584

227 Imai, S., & Colgrove, S. (2021, February 22). Investors are increasingly shunning mining companies that violate human rights. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/investors-are-increasingly-shunning-mining-companies-that-violate-human-rights-154702

228 Environmental Investigation Agency. (2022). Deforestation in the Driver’s Seat: Illegal Cattle Ranching, Amazon Deforestation, and the Automotive Leather Industry. https://us.eia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Deforestation-in-the-Drivers-Seat-EIA.pdf

229 Amazon Watch & ABIP. (2022). Blood Gold: Complicity in Destruction V. In Amazon Watch. https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2022-complicity-in-destruction-v-blood-gold.pdf

230 A. (2022, June 27). Position statement from Swiss refiners and the Swiss Association of Precious Metals Manufacturers and Traders. ASFCMP. https://asfcmp.ch/2022/06/27/position-statement-from-swiss-refiners-and-the-swiss-association-of-precious-metals-manufacturers-and-traders/?lang=en

231 Borges, T., & Branford, S. (2022, June 28). Swiss pledge to stop illegal gold imports from Brazil Indigenous reserves. Mongabay Environmental News. https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/swiss-pledge-to-stop-illegal-gold-imports-from-brazil-indigenous-reserves/

232 Imai, S., Gardner, L., & Weinberger, S. (2017, December 1). The "Canada Brand”: Violence and Canadian Mining Companies in Latin America. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2886584

233 Forest Peoples Programme. (2023). Submission to the Committee on Economic, Cultural, and Social Rights 72nd Pre-Sessional Working Group (6 March 2023-10 March 2023). https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/documents/FPP%20Submission%20to%20CESCR%20on%20UK%20list%20of%20issues%2009%2001%202023.pdf

234 Indigenous Peoples Rights International & Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2022). Protector not prisoner: Indigenous peoples face rights violations & criminalization in climate actions. In https://www.iprights.org/. https://www.iprights.org/index.php/en/component/content/article/protector-not-prisoner-indigenous-peoples-face-rights-violations-criminalization-in-climate-actions?catid=9&Itemid=102

235 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, para. 26. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

236 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2012). THE CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY TO RESPECT HUMAN RIGHTS: An interpretive guide. In https://www.ohchr.org (HR/PUB/12/02). https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Business/RtRInterpretativeGuide.pdf

237 OCMAL. (n.d.). Conflicto Minero: Minera Peña Colorada contamina y arrasa con territorio indigena Nahua. Observatorio De Conflictos Mineros De América Latina, OCMAL. https://mapa.conflictosmineros.net/ocmal_db-v2/conflicto/view/894

238 Griffiths, T., & Jiwan, N. (2021). Demanding accountability: Strengthening corporate accountability and supply chain due diligence to protect human rights and safeguard the environment. Forest Peoples Programme.

239 Wijeratna, A. & Mighty Earth. (2020). COMPLICIT: AN INVESTIGATION INTO DEFORESTATION AT MICHELIN’S ROYAL LESTARI UTAMA PROJECT IN SUMATRA, INDONESIA. https://www.mightyearth.org/wp-content/uploads/Mighty_Earth_MichelinReport8Oct2020FINAL.pdf; Barbiroglio, E., Valentino, S., & Voxeurop. (2022, November). European green finance is paying for deforestation in Indonesia: the case of Michelin. VoxEurop. https://voxeurop.eu/en/greenwashing-european-green-finance-paying-deforestation-indonesia-case-michelin/

240 URS/Scott Wilson’s. (2011). Lake Turkana Wind Power Project, Kenya IFC Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability. European Investment Bank. https://www.eib.org/attachments/registers/53222728.pdf

241 DanWatch. (2016). A people in the way of progress: Prostitution, alcoholism and a lawsuit on illegal land acquisition in the Lake Turkana Wind Power project. https://old.danwatch.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Danwatch_report_A-PEOPLE-IN-THE-WAY-OF-PROGRESS-2016_web.pdf

242 Responsible Renewable Energy: 10 Questions on Human Rights. Name of company: Lake Turkana Wind Power Ltd. (2016). https://old.danwatch.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Wind-Lake-Turkana-Renewable-energy-questionnaire.pdf

243Republic of Kenya in the Environment and Land Court at Meru Meru ELC Case No. 163 of 2014 Formerly Nairobi ELC No. 1330 of 2014. (2021). https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/Lake_Turkana_Wind_Power_Judgment_October_2021.pdf

244 Amazon Watch. (2022). A leaf of an old book: How the LEAF coalition enables carbon colonialism. https://amazonwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/LEAF-Briefer-English-6-6-2022.pdf

245 Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2018, August). A/HRC/39/62: Free, prior, and informed consent: a human rights-based approach - Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, para. 33. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/245/94/PDF/G1824594.pdf

246 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Article 22; Commentary to Principle 18 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2022). CEDAW/C/GC/39: General recommendation No.39 (2022) on the rights of Indigenous women and Girls.https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-recommendation-no39-2022-rights-indigeneous; Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2021). A/HRC/48/74: Rights of the indigenous child under the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Study of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc4874-rights-indigenous-child-under-united-nations-declaration-rights

247 Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2012). Case of the Kichwa Indigenous People of Sarayaku v. Ecuador. https://corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_245_ing.pdf

248 Principle 24 of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

249 Marotta, M. (2013). RRDD/DESIB/CM/ff: Subject: Request from the Chair of the OECD Working Party on Responsible Business Conduct. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Business/LetterOECD.pdf

250 Ruggie, J. (2016). John Ruggie Letter to ILO Director General Guy Ryder. https://shiftproject.org/john-ruggie-letter-to-ilo-director-general-guy-ryder/

251 Griffiths, T., & Jiwan, N. (2021). Demanding accountability: Strengthening corporate accountability and supply chain due diligence to protect human rights and safeguard the environment. Forest Peoples Programme. https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/documents/210615_Demanding%20Accountability%20v10.pdf

252 Coumans, C. (2012). Mining, human rights and the socially responsible investment industry: considering community opposition to shareholder resolutions and implications of collaboration. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 2(1), 44–63. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/20430795.2012.702499

253 McAteer, E., & Pulver, S. (2009, February). The Corporate Boomerang: Shareholder Transnational Advocacy Networks Targeting Oil Companies in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Global Environmental Politics, 9(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2009.9.1.1

255 Wheeler, P. (2016, December 13). After Visiting Standing Rock, Swedish Bank Nordea Puts Companies Behind DAPL on Watch. Greenpeace USA. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/after-visiting-standing-rock-swedish-bank-nordea-puts-companies-behind-dapl-on-watch/

256 Citigroup. (2022). Citigroup Inc. 2022 Notice of Annual Meeting and Proxy Statement. https://www.citigroup.com/rcs/citigpa/akpublic/storage/public/ar22p.pdf

257Marshall, E. D., & Kerber, R. (2022, April 26). Bank shareholder proposals to curb new fossil fuel lending get slim support. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/bank-shareholder-proposals-curb-new-fossil-fuel-lending-get-slim-support-2022-04-26/

258Common Dreams. (2023, March 20). Coalition of 240+ Organizations to Push for Yes Votes on Climate, Indigenous Rights Shareholder Resolutions at Financial Firms. https://www.commondreams.org/newswire/coalition-of-240-organizations-to-push-for-yes-votes-on-climate-indigenous-rights-shareholder-resolutions-at-financial-firms

260 KLP. (2017). Decision to exclude Energy Transfer Partners, Phillips 66, Enbridge Inc., and Marathon Petroleum Corporation. https://www.klp.no/en/english-pdf/Decision%20to%20exclude%20ETP%20Phillips%2066%20Enbridge%20and%20Marathon%20Petroleum.pdf

261 UN Human Rights Council Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2011). A/HRC/18/42: Final report of the study on indigenous peoples and the right to participate in decision-making: report of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/710369?ln=en

262 Boston Common Asset Management. (2019). Investor Submission to Equator Principles Association on Its EP4 Draft and Rights of Indigenous Peoples. https://news.bostoncommonasset.com/investor-submission-to-equator-principles-association-on-its-ep4-draft-and-rights-of-indigenous-peoples/

263 UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights. (2022). A/77/201: Report on corporate political engagement and responsible business conduct. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/a77201-report-corporate-political-engagement-and-responsible-business

264 Tropical Forest Alliance. (n.d.). Investors Policy Dialogue on Deforestation (IPDD) Initiative. https://www.tropicalforestalliance.org/en/collective-action-agenda/finance/investors-policy-dialogue-on-deforestation-ipdd-initiative/

265 Escrig-Olmedo, E., Fernández-Izquierdo, M., Ferrero-Ferrero, I., Rivera-Lirio, J., & Muñoz-Torres, M. (2019). Rating the Raters: Evaluating how ESG Rating Agencies Integrate Sustainability Principles. Sustainability, 11(3), 915. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030915

266 Adamson, R., & Pelosi, N. (2014). Indigenous Rights Risk Report. First Peoples Worldwide. https://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Indigenous-Rights-Risk-Report.pdf

267 Griffiths, T., Levy, A., Madan, G., Versteegen, A., & Whitehead, J. (2020). Ground-truthing to improve due diligence on human rights in deforestation-risk supply chains. Forest Peoples Programme. https://www.forestpeoples.org/en/ground-truthing-to-improve-due-diligence

Respecting Indigenous Rights

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